Utilidad de la tomografía computarizada en la detección temprana del cáncer pulmonar

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

Tomografía computarizada, cáncer de pulmón, detección temprana, cribado, imagenología

Resumen

El cáncer de pulmón continúa siendo una de las principales causas de mortalidad oncológica a nivel mundial y en Ecuador, en gran medida debido a que la mayoría de los casos se diagnostican en estadios avanzados. En este escenario, la tomografía computarizada (TC), especialmente en su modalidad de baja dosis (LDCT), ha adquirido relevancia como herramienta para la detección temprana de lesiones pulmonares malignas. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura científica publicada entre 2020 y 2025, considerando estudios disponibles en fuentes indexadas como Wiley Online Library, New England Journal of Medicine, RSNA Publications y MDPI Journals, con el propósito de analizar la utilidad diagnóstica de la TC en poblaciones de riesgo. Los estudios evaluados mediante las herramientas Newcastle–Ottawa Scale y QUADAS-2 señalan que la TC presenta una sensibilidad superior a la radiografía de tórax para identificar nódulos pulmonares en fases iniciales. Este beneficio es más evidente en fumadores crónicos y en personas con exposición ocupacional prolongada. La evidencia disponible respalda la implementación de programas de cribado con LDCT, siempre que se apliquen protocolos estandarizados y medidas adecuadas de protección radiológica.

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Publicado

2026-04-01